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Computer Science IGCSEPDF 51
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B. Buffers
Definition: Temporary RAM storage that holds data being transferred between devices
operating at different speeds.
Interpreter
Translator
Compiler
Key Points:
B. Language Translators
Function
Low-Level Languages (LLL):
Machine Code:
A. Types of Programming Languages
High-Level Languages (HLL):
C++).
Output
Execution
●
●
Convertsourcecodeintomachine code for execution.
Translates the entireHLL program Executable
before execution.
Translates line-by-line and
executes immediately.
file.
None.
● Translate OS instructions into device commands.
● Essential for hardware functionality.
● Updates improve performance and compatibility.
Examples: Printer drivers, GPU drivers, keyboard drivers.
Definition:Specialized programs that allow the OS to communicate with hardware devices.
Purpose: Prevents faster components (CPU) from waiting on slower ones (printers, drives).
Example: A printer buffer stores data so the CPU can continue other operations while printing
proceeds.
Fast; errors reportedafter
compilation.
Slower; stops at first error.
Readable, portable, and easy to debug (Python, Java,
Closer to hardware (Assembly, Machine Code).
Binaryinstructions executed directly by the CPU; machine-dependent.
4.5 Device Drivers
4.6 Programming Languages and Translators