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igcse physics notesprinted 72 · PDF 72
124 pagesrevision 46936
printed 72 · PDF 72
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72
Density is moderate; particles are closer than in gases but not as rigidly packed as in
solids.
Gases:
Particles are widely separated, moving freely and randomly in all directions at high
speeds.
Low density due to the large space between particles, which allows gases to be
compressed easily.
Gases expand to fill the entire volume of their container.
Intermolecular Forces
Solids:
Strong forces hold particles in place, giving solids a fixed volume and shape.
Particles are tightly packed with minimal space between them.
Liquids:
Forces between particles are weaker, allowing limited movement while remaining close
Liquids can flow and adapt shape but retain a constant volume.
Gases:
Negligible intermolecular (London dispersion ) forces allow particles to move
independently and occupy larger spaces.
Gases can expand, compress, and flow freely within any container.