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biology 0610printed 323 · PDF 323
328 pagesrevision 46933
printed 323 · PDF 323
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Aitchison College Academic Resources.
(d) Hormones are used to treat a variety of conditions.
The most common hormonal treatment is the use of insulin to treat diabetes. Most of
the insulin is produced using cells that are grown in large fermenters. These cells have
been genetically engineered to produce human insulin.
Fig. 2.2 shows the stages involved in transferring the gene for insulin from human cells
to bacterial cells.
gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11
bacterium produces human insulin
plasmid vector enters bacterium
gene for human insulin found to be on chromosome 11
bacterium divides by binary fission
<;7;%9/;a/;/0;| 19
gene for human insulin inserted into a plasmid vector
Fig. 2.2
(i) Put the stages into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
[1]
(ii) Diabetes is often treated with human insulin that has been produced by genetically
modified cells. In most countries this type of insulin has replaced the insulin that
was prepared from animals.
Suggest the advantages of providing human insulin to people with diabetes rather
than insulin obtained from animals.
[3]
[Total: 14]
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