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Business Studies IGCSEPDF 63
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Motivational Theories
Frederick Taylor (Scientific Management)
● Believed money was the main motivator.
● Workers are motivated by pay based on output (piece rate system).
● Emphasised scientific methods to find the most efficient way to perform a task.
● Advocated specialisation and strict supervision.
Criticisms:
● Treats workers like machines.
● Ignores social and psychological factors.
● Not suitable for creative jobs.
Frederick Herzberg (Two-Factor Theory)
Divided factors affecting motivation into two groups:
Factor Type
Description
Examples
Motivators
Hygiene
Factors
Lead to satisfaction and motivate
employees to work harder.
Prevent dissatisfaction but do
not motivate by themselves.
Achievement, recognition,
responsibility, promotion, growth
Salary, company policy, working
conditions, supervision, job security
➡ Removing poor hygiene factors prevents unhappiness but does not increase
motivation — motivators must also be added.
2.1.2 Methods of Motivation
Financial Rewards