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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 108 · PDF 108
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 108 · PDF 108
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○ Balochistan — Chagai volcanic arc, Taftan, Nokandi, Chaghi etc. There
are dormant/dormant-volcano zones, hot springs, magmatic waters (≈
150°C) in places.
○ Sindh and the Indus Basin — co-produced geothermal water (i.e. hot
water associated with hydrocarbon fields) with temperatures in the
range of ~ 80-170°C.
○ Northern Mountain Areas / Himalayan collision zone — hot springs in
areas like Kotli (Azad Kashmir).
Some estimates:
○ It has been claimed (by researchers) that geothermal resources in
Pakistan could generate up to ~ 100,000 MW of electricity, under ideal
exploitation.
○ Short-term commercially viable exploitation is estimated (by some
sources) at ~ 5,000 MW in certain locations.
Biofuels
Definition:
Biofuels are fuels made from organic materials such as plants, crops, and animal
waste. Common types include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
Advantages of Biofuels
1.
Renewable Source of Energy
Made from crops and waste that can be regrown or reproduced.
2.
Environmentally Friendly
Produces less carbon dioxide (CO₂) compared to fossil fuels, helping to reduce
global warming.
3.
Reduces Waste
Organic waste materials (like crop residues or animal dung) can be reused to
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