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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 24 · PDF 24
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 24 · PDF 24
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●Above-average monsoon rainfall leading to extreme runoff
across the Indus basin (2).
●Intense cloudburst/convective events in mountainous
catchments producing flash floods (2).
●High glacier melt and GLOF risk in the north adding to
downstream flows and sediment (2).
“Dams are the best solution for flood control in Pakistan.” Discuss.
(use structured evaluation)
Model answer (8) — structure: 2–3 paragraphs pros & cons +
conclusion.
Arguments for: dams (Tarbela, Mangla) store peak flows,
generate hydropower, support irrigation and can reduce
flood peaks if managed well (3).
Arguments against / limitations: large dams trap sediment
(reducing long-term storage), can fail/overflow in extreme
events, displace people, are expensive, and provide only
partial flood protection (3). Sediment management and
transboundary water politics complicate operations.
Conclusion: dams are an important tool but not a
standalone solution; a combination of structural (dams,
levees), non-structural (early warning, watershed
Q4 (8 marks) — Discussion / evaluation
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