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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 134 · PDF 134
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 134 · PDF 134
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Improved
Growing
affect industrial output.
and poor infrastructure.
(especially fuel).
or tariffs by other countries.
and poor branding.
Machinery, electronics, chemicals.
Crude oil, petroleum products.
Vehicles, machinery.
Palm oil.
(ports, CPEC routes).
(e.g. with China, EU GSP+ status).
make exports competitive.
.
Trading blocs: Groups of countries with free trade (e.g. SAARC, ECO).
→ Can promote regional trade.
Trade barriers: Tariffs, quotas, or bans on goods — make exports less
competitive.
Energy shortages
Political instability
High import bills
Trade barriers
Low quality control
China:
Saudi Arabia & UAE:
Japan:
Indonesia, Malaysia:
transport links
Trade agreements
Lowlabour costs
Pakistani communities abroad
Trade Blocs & Barriers:
Factors Hindering Trade:
Factors Promoting Trade:
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