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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 112 · PDF 112
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 112 · PDF 112
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shocks.
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concerns.
(c)Renewables
1.Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
Hydroelectric Power (Hydel):
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Advantages:
Renewable, low running costs after construction, no fuel import
needed.
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Multipurpose use: irrigation, flood control, and recreation.
Disadvantages:
Also moved by rail tankers and trucks.
Issues:
Rising global oil prices strain Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves.
Dependence on imported oil makes the economy vulnerable to price
Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are major environmental
4.Electricity Generation Methods
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Thermal Power: generated by burning fossil fuels; flexible but costly.
Nuclear Power: generated through atomic reactions (uranium) at
Chashma and Karachi plants; reliable but expensive setup and safety concerns.
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Hydel Power: cheap, renewable, but depends on rainfall and water
storage capacity.
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Renewable Sources: small-scale solar and wind installations expanding
gradually.
5.Limitations and Challenges of Non-Renewables
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Non-renewable resources are finite and are depleted rapidly.
Extraction and transport costs are increasing. Dependence on
imported fuels worsens balance of payments. Environmental
degradation, air pollution, and greenhouse gas
emissions.
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Unequal distribution and outdated power infrastructure cause frequent
load-shedding.
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