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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 93 · PDF 93
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 93 · PDF 93
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3.Power
(a)Sources
power stations by burning coal, oil, gas and waste, or with nuclear energy; or with
renewable sources e.g. water (including hydel), the wind and the sun
• understand that non-renewable power sources are running out, and are
increasing in price
(c) Renewables
Candidates should be able to:
• explain and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods
of producing electricity from renewable resources (generated by water, wind, wave
and sun)
• understand the physical and human conditions that favour the development of
multi-purpose hydel schemes
• state and explain the factors, both physical and human, which promote or hinder
the availability of electricity and other power resources listed, including the
feasibility of small-scale, renewable power generation
•explain why the supply of electricity is not sufficient or reliable to develop many
parts of Pakistan.
Coal Extraction Methods
Open-cast (surface) mining:
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Topsoil and overburden removed to expose coal seams.
Large excavators and trucks used to extract and transport coal.
Suitable for shallow coal deposits, such as in the Thar coalfield (Sindh).
Economical but environmentally damaging (deforestation, land
degradation).
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Adit mining:
Horizontal tunnels driven into hillsides to access coal seams.
Safer and cheaper than deep shaft mining, but only viable in hilly areas.
Shaft mining:
1. Extraction of Non-Renewable Fuels (Coal, Oil, and
Natural Gas)
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