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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 142 · PDF 142
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 142 · PDF 142
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Flat land
in Punjab/Sindh → easy and cheap construction.
High population&industry
→ strong transport demand.
CPEC investment
→ new highways and rail upgrades.
Foreign aid
(ADB, China) for infrastructure projects.
Economic zones
→ need for good connectivity.
Hindering Factors
Mountainous terrain
build/maintain.
(North and Balochistan) → expensive and difficult to
Natural hazards
— floods, landslides, and earthquakes.
Lack of funds
→ poor maintenance, delays in expansion.
Corruption andmismanagement
→ inefficiency.
Fuel shortages
and old vehicles raise costs.
3. Recent Improvements
Road: CPEC highways and
motorways
built for trade with China.
Lahore Ring Road, Karachi NorthernBypass
, and other expressways developed.
Rail: ML-1 railway
upgrade
under CPEC — double tracks, higher speed trains.
Freight train revival
for bulk goods.
Air:
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