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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 156 · PDF 156
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 156 · PDF 156
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Better jobs, education, and healthcare.
Higher wages and improved living standards.
Modern lifestyle and facilities.
4. Effects of migration
Urban areas: overpopulation → slums/shanty towns (e.g. Orangi Town, Karachi); poor
sanitation; unemployment.
Rural areas: depopulation, shortage of farm labour, less productivity.
Foreign migration: brings remittances (foreign currency) but also brain drain.
5. Solutions
Self-help housing schemes
(e.g. Orangi Pilot Project).
Rural development:
schools, jobs, healthcare to reduce rural-urban migration.
Industrial decentralisation:
industries in small towns and villages.
Better urban planning and public transport.
(c) Distribution and Density of Population
1. Definitions
Population distribution:
how people are spread out.
number of people per square kilometre.
Population density:
2. Variations between regions
Densely populated:
Punjab and Sindh plains (fertile land, irrigation, jobs).
Moderately populated:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa valleys.
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