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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 64 · PDF 64
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 64 · PDF 64
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Environmental damage: landscape disfigurement, dust, water pollution.
Depletion of high-grade ores; many mines under-invested.
Poor working conditions & artisanal/illegal mining.
Infrastructure bottlenecks (roads, energy).
Legal / regulatory issues: lack of consistent regulation, local opposition.
Rigorous environmental impact assessments (EIA) before approving new mines.
Reclamation of mined land (re-vegetation, soil restoration).
Use of cleaner / modern mining technologies.
Local employment and benefit share with communities.
Ensuring mines adhere to safety standards.
Developing downstream industries (value addition) to keep processing domestically.
Government policy / investment: foreign investment, joint ventures (e.g., Reko Diq),
incentives (tax breaks) to attract mining firms.
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Problems
Solutions / sustainable practices
5.6 Sustainability, Problems & Solutions