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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 17 · PDF 17
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 17 · PDF 17
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Seasons & weather systems:
○ Pre-monsoon (May–June): heating, thunderstorms in
some areas; dust storms in plains.
○ Summer monsoon (July–September): south-westerly
moist winds from Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal bring most
of the annual rainfall to Punjab, Sindh (variable), and
northern mountains. Intense episodic rainfall events,
cloudbursts and high river flows occur.
○ Post-monsoon & winter (Oct–Feb): retreating
monsoon; western disturbances (mid-latitude westerly
troughs) bring winter precipitation to NW Pakistan and
northern mountains (snow and rain).
Spatial patterns: mountains = heavy precipitation
(orographic); Indus plain = seasonal monsoon rain;
Balochistan & parts of Sindh = arid; coastal areas milder.
(Climate maps above).
4) Hazards — floods, droughts, storms (detailed)
4.1 Floods (types, causes, impacts, management)
Types & causes
: prolonged heavy monsoon rains
across catchments increase river discharge over weeks;
Riverine (fluvial) floods
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