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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 37 · PDF 37
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 37 · PDF 37
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However, modifications were ordered to ensure compliance:
■ The maximum height of the dam’s spillway gates was to be
reduced.
■ The pondage volume was to be slightly lowered.
The ruling validated India’s interpretation of certain technical aspects,
strengthening India’s position for future hydroelectric projects on
western rivers.
Socio-economic Conflicts:
○ Urban vs. rural competition for water access; urban water scarcity leads
to inequality and unrest.
○ Industrial vs. agricultural use conflicts arise due to competing priorities
during shortages.
Mitigation Measures:
○ Strengthening Indus Water Treaty mechanisms, regular dialogue
through the Permanent Indus Commission.
○ Promoting water diplomacy, joint hydrological studies, and shared data
systems.
○ Domestic water governance reforms to ensure transparent, equitable
distribution.
Sample Questions
Q1.
37