Document page
Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 97 · PDF 97
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 97 · PDF 97
Page image rendered from the stored file at 110 dpi; it sharpens as you zoom. Outlines are placed from each region’s stored position on the page (612 × 792 pt).
readable
Source of this text: embedded text layer. The better of the embedded text and OCR is kept.
1. Oil Spills and Pollution
○ Accidents or leaks can cause severe marine pollution (e.g. oil slicks
harming fish, birds, and beaches).
2. High Risk of Accidents
○ Collisions, fires, or explosions at sea can cause environmental disasters.
3. Weather Delays
○ Storms or rough seas can delay or damage shipments.
4. Port Congestion and Costs
○ Ports need special infrastructure for loading/unloading oil, which
increases cost.
5. Security Threats
○ Ships can be affected by piracy or territorial disputes (especially near
the Arabian Sea or Strait of Hormuz).
3. Global Reach
○ Sea routes connect oil-producing regions (like the Middle East) with
major consumers (like South Asia, Europe, East Asia).
4. Reduced Land Congestion
○ Using sea transport reduces pressure on roads, pipelines, and railways.
5. Flexibility
○ Ships can change routes if needed due to demand, weather, or political
issues.
97
Disadvantages of Transporting Oil by Sea