Document page
Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 30 · PDF 30
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 30 · PDF 30
Page image rendered from the stored file at 110 dpi; it sharpens as you zoom. Outlines are placed from each region’s stored position on the page (612 × 792 pt).
readable
Source of this text: embedded text layer. The better of the embedded text and OCR is kept.
30
○ Canal System Management: IBIS distributes water through a complex
network of link canals and distributaries.
○ Irrigation Departments and Water Authorities (e.g., WAPDA, IRSA)
oversee allocation and maintenance.
○ Waterlogging and Salinity Control Programs (SCARP projects) aim to
manage groundwater recharge and prevent soil degradation.
Challenges:
○ Siltation reducing dam storage capacity (notably in Tarbela and
Mangla).
○ Aging infrastructure leading to losses through seepage and leakage.
○ Over-reliance on groundwater causing depletion and contamination
(especially in Lahore Basin).
4. The Indus Water Treaty: Reasons and Consequences
Background:
○ Signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World
Bank.
○ Aimed to resolve water-sharing disputes following Partition (1947),
which left headworks of key rivers in Indian territory.
Provisions:
○ Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India.
○ Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan, though
India allowed limited non-consumptive use (e.g., hydropower,
transport).
Reasons: