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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 19 · PDF 19
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 19 · PDF 19
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Non-structural: forecasting, early warning (PMD +
NDMA/PDMA), community preparedness, land-use zoning to
avoid floodplains. Lessons from 2010 → strengthened
institutions, but gaps remain.
4.2 Droughts (types, drivers, impacts, adaptation)
Types & drivers
Meteorological drought
: prolonged below-average
precipitation (weak monsoon or seasonal failure).
●Agricultural drought: soil moisture deficits affecting crops.
●
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