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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 14 · PDF 14
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 14 · PDF 14
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trade routes and tribal grazing.
Formation & soils: Alluvial fan & floodplain built by
millennia of sediment from the Himalaya/Karakoram —
highly fertile. Principal cropping region (wheat, rice, cotton,
sugarcane).
Irrigation & settlement: Extremely dense population due to
irrigation network (canals, barrages). Problems: salinity,
waterlogging in poorly drained areas; groundwater extraction
in some areas causing subsidence and falling water tables.
Geology: folded rocks with important salt deposits
(Khewra), gypsum, limestone. Potwar has oil fields (Attock).
Soils variable; small-scale agriculture and orchards in
irrigated pockets. Encyclopedia Britannica
Climate & land use: Low rainfall (<250 mm in many areas),
sparse vegetation; Thar supports some rainfed cultivation and
seasonal grazing; Thal has been partly irrigated (canals) and
converted to agriculture in places. Desertification and
overgrazing are local concerns.
1.3 Potwar plateau & Salt Range
1.5 Deserts (Thar, Thal, Cholistan)
1.4 Indus Plain (Upper: Punjab; Lower: Sindh)
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