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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 125 · PDF 125
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 125 · PDF 125
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3. Formal vs Informal Sector
4. Sources of Capital and Labour
5. Government Promotion of Industry
Examples
Advantages
Aspect
Definition
Role in
development
Disadvantages
Labour sources:
Policies and initiatives:
Formal Sector
Registered businessesfollowing
government laws.
Factories, banks, hotels.
Export Processing Zones (EPZs)
BOI (Board of Investment)
Informal Sector
Industrial Estates.
○
○
○
Tax incentives and subsidies.
Establishment of
Investment promotionvia
Generates tax, stable jobs,
access to credit.
Costly to start, bureaucracy.
Drives economic growth, creates
skilled jobs.
and
.
○ Skilled: engineers, technicians (urban areas, industrial training).
○ Unskilled: rural migrants, low-wage workers.
Training programs and technical institutes help improve industrial workforce quality.
Capital sources: Banks, investors, government loans, foreign aid, industrial estates,
overseas remittances.
Unregistered small-scale orstreet
businesses.
Street vendors, home-based work,
rickshaw drivers.
Provides income for poor, low-cost
services.
No job security, no tax revenue, poor
working conditions.
Reduces unemployment but
contributes little to GNP.
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