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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 29 · PDF 29
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printed 29 · PDF 29
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○ Industries such as textiles, leather, beverages, steel, cement, and
chemicals depend on water for processing, cooling, and cleaning.
○ Hydropower (from Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak) provides renewable
electricity, reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
Domestic and Urban Use:
○ Essential for drinking, sanitation, and daily household functions.
○ Urban centers like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad face severe water
stress due to over-extraction, leakage, and population growth.
Ecological and Environmental Value:
○ Supports wetlands, fisheries, forests, and biodiversity (e.g., Indus Delta
mangroves).
○ Regulates microclimate and sediment transport, maintaining soil
fertility and ecosystem balance.
3. Water Supply: Obtaining, Maintaining, and Control
Sources of Water Supply:
○ Surface Water: Rivers, lakes, reservoirs (Tarbela, Mangla, etc.), and canals.
○ Groundwater: Extracted via tube wells and dug wells, especially in
Punjab and Sindh plains.
○ Rainwater Harvesting: Increasingly promoted in arid regions
(Balochistan, Thar Desert) to supplement scarce resources.
Maintenance and Control:
○ Storage Dams and Reservoirs regulate seasonal flows and mitigate
flooding.