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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 96 · PDF 96
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 96 · PDF 96
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Energy-efficient: Trains can move large loads using less fuel per tonne than
trucks.
Reliable schedules: Operate on fixed timetables for industrial supply chains.
Drawbacks:
Limited routes: Restricted to areas with railway networks.
Extra handling: Goods must be transferred at stations to road tankers or
pipelines.
High capital cost: Requires investment in rail infrastructure and tank wagons.
Less flexible: Cannot deliver directly to individual destinations.
Oil Transport by Sea
Definition:
Oil transport by sea means moving crude oil and refined petroleum products
using oil tankers and ships across oceans and seas, from oil-producing countries to
refineries or markets around the world.
Advantages of Transporting Oil by Sea
1.
Large Capacity
○ Ships can carry millions of barrels of oil at once, making it economical
for long distances.
2.
Lower Cost per Unit
○ Transporting by sea is cheaper compared to road or air for the same
amount of oil.
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