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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 154 · PDF 154
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 154 · PDF 154
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1. Population structure
Population pyramid:
shows the age and sex structure of Pakistan’s population.
Pakistan has a
broad base
(many children) and a narrow top (few elderly), showing
highbirthrate
and
lowlifeexpectancy
More
males than females
, especially in working-age groups, due to migration and
cultural factors.
2. Trends and changes
Birth rate:
high but
fallingslowly
due to education, family planning, and urbanisation.
Death rate:
vaccines
low and decreasing because of
betterhealthcare,sanitation,and
Natural increase: still high (2%+ annually), leading to rapid population growth.
Population doubling time: about 30–35 years.
3. Causes of population growth
Social:
preference for large families, especially sons.
Educational:
low literacy, especially for women, leading to less awareness of birth
control.
Economic: children seen as assets to work and support families.
Political: governments have been slow to enforce population policies due to cultural
sensitivity.
4. Effects on economy and development
Strain on resources:
pressure on food, water, housing, and jobs.
Unemployment andpoverty
increase.
(Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad).
Overcrowded cities
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