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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 22 · PDF 22
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 22 · PDF 22
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6) Mitigation, adaptation & sustainable solutions
(exam-ready evaluation points)
8) Sample exam-style questions & model answers
Marking notes: for Cambridge IGCSE, short answers (a) = 1–3
marks, explain (b/c) = 4–6 marks, evaluate (d) = 8–12 marks
depending on depth.
Water sector reforms: water-use efficiency in agriculture
(highest water consumer), regulation of groundwater (avoid
over-extraction), conjunctive use of surface & groundwater,
better reservoir sediment management.
Structural: reservoirs, restoration of natural floodplains, river
dredging (cautious), strengthened embankments, improved
city drainage. (Note trade-offs: embankments may transfer
flood risk downstream; reservoirs trap sediment).
Non-structural: early warning systems (PMD + NDMA +
community systems), land-use planning, insurance, disaster
risk reduction education. NDMA & international partners
(World Bank, UNDP, GCF) fund GLOF and flood resilience
projects.
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