Document page
Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 158 · PDF 158
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 158 · PDF 158
Page image rendered from the stored file at 110 dpi; it sharpens as you zoom. Outlines are placed from each region’s stored position on the page (612 × 792 pt).
readable
Source of this text: embedded text layer. The better of the embedded text and OCR is kept.
areas).
Shortage of
Surplus of
Need to expand
Low income and poverty.
Crime and social unrest.
Pressure on urban services.
Slower economic growth (lower GNP/GDP).
(engineers, technicians) due to brain drain.
→ low productivity.
.
Literacy and education improve productivity and innovation.
Female education increases workforce participation and lowers birth rates.
Technical training builds skilled labour for industrial growth.
Essential for raising GDP and living standards.
people working part-time or below skill level (common in rural
158
Underemployment:
skilled labour
unskilled labour
vocational and technical education
4. Problems caused
5. Skilled and manual labour
6. Role of education and training