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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 114 · PDF 114
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 114 · PDF 114
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Water availability and sediment load.
Human Factors:
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Availability of capital and foreign investment.
Government policy, political stability, and energy planning.
Skilled labour and technology for renewable energy projects.
Infrastructure such as transmission networks and access roads.
4. Reliability and Supply Issues in Pakistan
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Power shortages are frequent due to high demand and inadequate
generation capacity.
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Poor maintenance and transmission losses cause large-scale
inefficiencies.
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Circular debt problem among generation, transmission, and
distribution companies.
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Rural electrification lags behind urban areas, limiting regional
development.
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Need for diversification: reducing dependence on oil and gas,
promoting renewables.
3 (a) (ii) Describe how coal is mined in an open cast mine. [2]
(M/J/25)
In an open-cast mine, the top layer of soil is removed using bulldozers and draglines
to expose the coal seams. Large shovels and trucks are then used to extract and
carry the coal to processing or storage areas. After mining, the land may be refilled
and reclaimed to reduce environmental damage.
3 (a) (iv) Explain why the cost of some non-renewable power sources in Pakistan may
increase. You should develop your answer. [4]
The cost of non-renewable power sources in Pakistan may increase because fossil
fuels like oil, gas, and coal are limited resources, and their reserves are being used up
faster than they are found. As supplies decline, import prices rise, especially since
Pakistan depends heavily on imported oil and LNG.
Additionally, international fuel prices fluctuate, and a fall in the value of the Pakistani
rupee makes imports more expensive. Costs also rise due to transportation, refining,
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Past Paper Questions
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