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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 99 · PDF 99
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printed 99 · PDF 99
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Coal, oil, or gas burned to heat water → steam turns turbines → electricity
generated.
Main thermal plants: Guddu, Kotri, Muzaffargarh, Jamshoro.
Quick to set up but costly due to imported fuel.
Hydroelectric Power (Hydel):
Dams store water at height; water released through turbines generates
power.
Examples: Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak, Neelum–Jhelum, Ghazi Barotha.
Renewable and cheap after construction, but costly to build initially.
Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity.
Best suited to sunny regions (Sindh, Balochistan).
Increasingly used in rural electrification and small-scale domestic
systems
Method:
Solar cells (or photovoltaic cells) convert sunlight directly into electricity.
When sunlight hits the cell, it excites electrons in the semiconductor (usually
silicon), producing an electric current.
Derived from natural, replenishable processes such as hydel, solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, and biofuels.
Sustainable in the long term; minimal pollution.
Require initial investment and technology, but reduce dependency on
imported fuels.
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Solar Power:
3. Generation of Electricity from Different Sources
Thermal Power Generation:
Methods of Solar Power Generation
1.Solar Cells (Photovoltaic Cells)