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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 15 · PDF 15
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 15 · PDF 15
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1.6 Coastal lowland & continental shelf
Sindh & Makran coast: Indus delta ecology (mangroves),
fisheries, seaports (Karachi, Qasim, Gwadar — strategic for
trade). Coastal erosion and sea salinity intrusion are growing
problems in some delta areas.
Indus River system: Indus main channel + five major
tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas — note:
Beas largely in India). The Indus drains a huge international
basin (sources in Tibet/China, flows through India and
Pakistan). It supplies irrigation, domestic water, industry, and
hydropower.
Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS): one of the largest
contiguous irrigation networks in the world — network of
barrages, headworks, canals (e.g., Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri),
link canals, distributaries. Has enabled high cereal yields but
also caused salinization and ecological changes.
Major dams & hydroelectric projects: Tarbela (Indus;
multi-phase expansions; large storage and power
generation), Mangla (Jhelum) — multifunctional (irrigation,
power, some flood moderation). Tarbela’s storage and
extensions have major roles in seasonal flow regulation but
sedimentation (siltation) reduces storage over time.
2) Rivers, drainage & water management — full detail
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