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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 18 · PDF 18
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 18 · PDF 18
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●Loss of life, food crops, livestock; displacement; damage to
roads/bridges, health crises (water-borne disease), school
closures; long-term economic losses (e.g., 2022 PDNA: ~33
million affected).
large sections of Indus/tributaries inundated. 2010 & 2022
examples: huge populations affected, large economic loss.
Flash floods: short, intense rainfall (cloudburst) in steep
mountainous catchments causing rapid runoff; destructive
locally (debris flows/landslides). Recent cloudburst events
(2025) have produced deadly flash floods.
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): sudden breach of
moraine-dammed glacial lakes releases huge flood waves
down valleys — a growing risk as glaciers destabilize with
warming. ICIMOD/UNDP projects work on GLOF early
warning and risk reduction.
Urban flooding: poor drainage, impermeable surfaces,
clogged drains (e.g., large cities like Karachi, Lahore) —
combined with intense rainfall cause city inundation.
●Structural: levees, embankments, retention basins, reservoir
management (Tarbela/Mangla), drainage improvements in
cities.
Impacts
Management & mitigation
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