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Pak Studies Geography IGCSEprinted 94 · PDF 94
162 pagesrevision 46929
printed 94 · PDF 94
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Verticalshafts sunk deep underground to reach buried seams.
Usedfordeep coal deposits.
Requiresadvanced ventilation and safety systems.
OilandNaturalGasExtraction
Explorationinvolves seismic surveys and test drilling to locate reserves.
Drillingrigsborewells to access crude oil or gas trapped beneath
impermeable rock layers.
Productionwellsextract the fuel using pumps and pressure from
natural gas.
Fuelsarethentransported by pipelines, tankers, or rail/road to refineries
orpowerplants:
Benefits:
Efficient and continuous transport: Pipelines can move oil, gas, and water
continuously over long distances without interruption.
Low operating cost: Once built, they require little labour and energy to
operate.
Safe and reliable: Reduced risk of accidents and spills compared to road or
rail transport.
Environmentally friendly: Less air pollution since no fuel-burning vehicles are
involved.
Drawbacks:
High construction cost: Very expensive to build and install, especially across
mountains or seas.
Leakage risk: Any leakage can cause serious environmental damage and may
go unnoticed for some time.
Limited flexibility: Pipelines can only carry liquids or gases along fixed routes.
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1. Pipelines