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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 157
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Hazrat Umar R.A:
who administered justice. There was no regular police department at that time, but whenever
any crime came into his notice, he took strict action against in the light of Quran and the
Hadith. Abu Bakr selected all his officers, commanders and governors on their merit and not
because of family or tribal consideration. He set up a strict standard of accounting of public
money. He also gave proper shape to the public treasury, the Bait-ul Maal. He safeguarded
and protected the rights of non-Muslim subjects who were granted religious and cultural
freedom. They were allowed to manage their affairs themselves. By his efficient
administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing rebellions and making sure
that the Pillar of zakat was enforced. He arranged for a compilation of Quran at the
suggestion of Hazrat Umar when many memorisers of Quran were martyred in the battle of
Yamama against Musailima and appointed Zaid bin Sabit along with 20 to 25 scribes to
accomplish this task. First copy was named Mushaf by Abullah bin Masood. He died in 13
AH/634 AD.
Main Events/Summary of Caliphate:
Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeded to the caliphate in 13 AH/634 AD. As well as the title
‘Successor of the Successor of the Messenger of Allah.’ He also took the title of ‘Commander
of the faithful’, ‘Ameer al Mu’mineen’. He continued the expansion of Islam begun by the
Prophet (pbuh) and Hazrat Abu Bakr and under his rule, Muslim army gained control in
Syria, Iraq, Persia and Egypt. A series of decisive battles brought these vast areas under
Islamic rule. In the Northeast, Persian Empire caused threat for the Islamic state. In October
634 A.D/14 A.H the battles of Namaraq and Jasr were fought. In the battle of Jasr (Bridge)
Muslims were defeated and their commander was killed. Muslims responded back in
November 634 A.D. When they fought against the Persians at Buwaib under Musanna,
Muslims were victorious in this battle and the Persians had to face heavy losses. After this
battle, Persians sent a large army .After a prolonged battle at Al Qadisiya in 15 AH/636 AD
the out-numbered Muslim army defeated the Persian. Muslim army advanced and captured
Mada’in and Jalulah one after another and signed a Treaty of peace with the Persians.
Despite the treaty, the Persians continued their conspiracies against Islamic state. Therefore,
Muslims had to fight against them at Nihawand in 21 A.H./ 642 A.DIt was the last battle
against the Persians which sealed the fate of Persian Empire and the whole of Persia came
under Muslim rule. Muslims also had to fight against the Byzantines on the Northern
borders because of their hostility against the Islamic state.The Muslim commanders
i.eKhalid bin Waleed, Amr bin al Aas and Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah defeated the Romans
and captured areas of Byzantine empire , which was the Eastern province of Roman empire.
Muslim army laid siege to Damascus till 635AD and then they had to fight against them in
the battle of Fihl which resulted in the conquest of Jordan. Then Muslims advanced and
fought in the battle of Yarmuk in Palestine in 15 A.H/636 A.D. In October 636 AD Muslims
recaptured Damascus under Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah. Meanwhile, Amr bin Aas laid siege
to Jerusalem, Christians offered to surrender on the condition that the Caliph himself should
come to Jerusalem. This was accepted and Hazrat Umar signed an agreement that
guaranteed safety and security of the people of Jerusalem. Finally, Muslim army advanced
under Amr bin Aas and laid a siege and after the battle of Alexandria captured Egypt in 18
A.H. /639 A.D. Hazrat Umar introduced many administrative reforms during his caliphate.
He established a Majlis-e-Shura consisting of prominent companions of the Holy Prophet.
He also constituted a large body called the Majlis-e Aam consisting of Muhajirin and Ansar