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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 203
204 pagesrevision 46927
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Jihad becomes obligatory when the religion, lives, homes, property or safety of
Muslims are under threat — i.e., when Muslims are attacked:
Muslims must never be the initiators of aggression against innocent or peaceful
people; peaceful coexistence is encouraged.
If the enemy inclines toward peace, Muslims should accept it:
“If your enemy inclines towards peace, then you should seek peace and trust in
Allah. Verily, He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower.” (Al-Anfāl 8:61)
“Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress limits, for
Allah loves not transgressors.” (Al-Baqarah 2:190)
If opponents withdraw and offer guarantees of safety and peace, Muslims have no
licence to fight them:
“In avenging the injuries inflicted upon us, do not harm the civilians, women and
children. Do not demolish their houses.”
“And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression and there prevails
justice and faith in Allah, but if they cease let there be no hostility except to those
who practise oppression.” (Al-Baqarah 2:191)
“If they withdraw from you and refuse to fight you, and instead send you
guarantees of peace, know that Allah has not given you a licence [to fight them].”
(An-Nisā’ 4:90)
When treaty violations occur and oaths are broken with deliberate hostility, limited
action against the transgressors may be permissible to restrain aggression, but the
overall principle remains restraint, justice and the resumption of peaceful relations
when conditions are restored.
If a Muslim state is attacked it is the duty of its citizens to defend it; if it cannot,
neighbouring Muslim states should help; if they fail, the duty extends to all Muslim
states (example: international Muslim support for Afghanistan in 1980).
Fighting must continue only until peace and justice are restored; hostilities end when
oppression ceases:
Prisoners of war must be treated humanely: they are to be fed, clothed and cared for
in the same manner as Muslim soldiers. In times of shortage prisoners are to be fed
before the soldiers guarding them.
The fallen and the dead must not be mutilated or disfigured.
Treaties and covenants must be honoured; ambassadors and envoys are not to be
killed or mistreated.
No unjustifiable aggression is permitted against weaker nations; aggressive acts must
have just cause and conform to moral limits.
The Prophet instructed troops to avoid harming civilians and not to demolish
houses when seeking retribution (instruction to the Byzantine expedition):
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