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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 67
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Garrisons and cities like Kufa and Basra.
The dīwān (register) to organise stipends for Muslims.
The Hijri calendar, beginning with the year of the Hijrah.
Courts and judges, separating judiciary from executive power.
During the Prophet’s final illness, ʿUmar resisted the news of his death, declaring he could not
believe it. Abū Bakr calmed the people with the words of the Qur’ān: “Muhammad is no more
than a messenger; other messengers have passed away before him.” (3:144). This moment
showed ʿUmar’s intense love for the Prophet ﷺ.
arbitration. Initially, he was one of the fiercest opponents of Islam. Tradition records that he
once set out with the intention of killing the Prophet ﷺ, but on the way he was told his sister
and brother-in-law had accepted Islam. He went to confront them and overheard verses of the
Qur’ān being recited in their home from Sūrah Ṭāhā: “Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity
except Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance.” (20:14). His heart
softened, and he declared his faith. The Prophet ﷺ had previously prayed: “O Allah, strengthen
Islam with either ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb or Abū Jahl ibn Hishām.” (Tirmidhī), and Allah
answered this prayer with ʿUmar’s acceptance of Islam.
ʿUmar’s conversion was a turning point. Before him, Muslims prayed secretly in Dar al-Arqam.
With his strength and courage, they were able to pray openly at the Kaʿbah for the first time. His
presence gave confidence to the small Muslim community. His early firmness in defending the
Prophet ﷺ set the tone for his later role as a just and uncompromising leader.
In Madinah, ʿUmar was among the closest advisers to the Prophet ﷺ. His opinions often
aligned with divine revelation. For example, when he suggested that the Prophet’s wives should
observe hijāb, the Qur’ān revealed: “O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the
women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments.” (33:59).
He fought in all the major battles — Badr, Uḥud, Khandaq, and others — showing bravery and
leadership.
As the second Caliph (634–644 CE), ʿUmar transformed the Muslim community into a powerful
state. Under his rule, Islam expanded beyond Arabia into Syria, Persia, and Egypt. He
established many institutions:
Caliphate and Achievements
Role in Makkah and Early Islam
Role in Madinah and Major Contributions
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