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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 53
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c.
a. Relations with Jewish Tribes
The Building of the Mosque and Its Role
When the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrated to Madinah, the city was home to various
Jewish tribes — notably Banu Qaynuqa‘, Banu Nadir, and Banu Qurayzah — alongside the
Arab tribes of Aws and Khazraj. The Prophet (PBUH) aimed to create a peaceful, cooperative,
and just community that respected all faiths. Through the Constitution of Madinah, Jews were
guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to practice their faith, with mutual protection
against external enemies.
Initially, relations were cordial. The Prophet (PBUH) hoped Jews would recognize him as the
final messenger foretold in their scriptures. However, over time, certain Jewish tribes began to
violate their agreements and plot against the Muslims:
● Banu Qaynuqa‘ broke the treaty by mocking Muslim women and provoking violence;
they were expelled from Madinah.
● Banu Nadir conspired to assassinate the Prophet (PBUH) and were exiled to Khaybar.
● Banu Qurayzah betrayed the Muslims during the Battle of the Trench, aiding the
Quraysh; after being tried under Jewish law, they were punished for treason.
Upon arriving in Madinah, the Prophet (PBUH) first established the Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet’s
Mosque). Built with the help of his companions, it became the center of religious, social, and
political life. The mosque was simple in structure but served multiple essential purposes.
It was primarily a place of worship, where the five daily prayers, Friday sermons, and Quranic
recitations were held. However, it also served as a community center — a place for learning,
administration, welfare distribution, and consultation (Shura). Foreign delegations were received
there, and it acted as a shelter for the poor and travelers known as Ahl al-Suffah.
The Prophet (PBUH) used the mosque to teach that Islam encompasses every part of life —
spiritual, social, and political. The mosque symbolized unity, discipline, and equality, where all
Muslims, regardless of status, stood shoulder to shoulder before Allah.
The religious developments in Madinah laid the foundation of Islam as a complete code of life.
Through the establishment of worship, the change of Qiblah, and the central role of the mosque,
the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) created a strong spiritual and social order that guided Muslims
in faith, identity, and unity. These developments not only strengthened the Madinan community
but also set a timeless example for all Muslim societies to follow.
5. Relations with Non-Muslims