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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 49
204 pagesrevision 46927
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b.
Letters to world leaders inviting them to Islam
7.
Conquest and Consolidation
a.
b.
c.
Conquest of Makkah (630 CE)
Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta’if
Farewell Pilgrimage and the Final Sermon (632 CE)
8.
Significance of the Madinan Period
a.
b.
c.
Establishment of an Islamic state and society
Spiritual, moral, and political lessons
Importance for Muslims today
1. Introduction to the Hijrah
a.
Background and Causes of Migration
Before the Hijrah, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers faced severe persecution in
Makkah. The Quraysh, who controlled the city’s religious and economic life, opposed the Prophet’s
(PBUH) message of Tawheed(belief in one God) because it threatened their idol-based religion,
wealth, and authority. The Prophet (PBUH) preached equality, justice, and compassion, but the
Quraysh leaders feared losing power. Muslims were insulted, tortured, and boycotted; even the
Prophet (PBUH) himself faced continuous harassment. The situation worsened after the death of
his uncle Abu Talib and his wife Khadijah (RA), leaving him with little protection.
In search of safety, some Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (Ethiopia), where the Christian ruler,
the Negus, offered them refuge. A major turning point came with the Pledges of Aqabah, when
people from Yathrib (later called Madinah) accepted Islam and pledged to support the Prophet
(PBUH). The First Pledge (621 CE) brought twelve converts, while the Second Pledge (622 CE)
included seventy-three men and two women who promised to defend him as they would their
own families. This paved the way for the Prophet (PBUH) and his followers to migrate to
Yathrib.
b. The Journey to Madinah
When most Muslims had migrated, the Quraysh feared the Prophet’s (PBUH) growing influence
and plotted to assassinate him. Allah informed the Prophet (PBUH) of their plan, and he decided to
leave Makkah. He instructed Ali (RA) to sleep in his bed while he escaped with his close
companion Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (RA). They hid for three nights in the Cave of Thawr, where