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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 52
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leadership demonstrated that in Islam, religion and governance are intertwined, and that true
authority is based on moral strength and justice, not power or wealth.
At the beginning of the Madinan period, Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem, following the
direction shared by Jews and earlier prophets. However, about sixteen to seventeen months after
the Hijrah, the Prophet (PBUH) received divine revelation instructing him and the Muslims to
turn their faces towards the Ka‘bah in Makkah during prayer. The Qur’an records this moment:
“So turn your face towards al-Masjid al-Haram; and wherever you are, turn your faces towards
it.” (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:144). This change had deep spiritual and symbolic importance. It
signified the independence of the Muslim Ummah and its distinct religious identity. It
emphasized that Islam was the continuation and completion of previous revelations but with its
own direction and mission.
While some Jewish tribes in Madinah objected to the change, the Prophet (PBUH) remained
firm, showing that Muslims were now a separate community directly guided by Allah. The
change of Qiblah unified Muslims under one direction; both physically in prayer and spiritually
in purpose.
After the Hijrah, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) began organizing the newly formed Muslim
community around Islamic principles and worship. In Makkah, the Muslims had mainly focused on
faith and perseverance, but in Madinah, they were now able to practice Islam freely. The Prophet
(PBUH) established regular forms of worship and community life according to divine revelation.
Key religious practices were systematized during this period. The five daily prayers (Salah) were
organized and performed publicly, often in congregation. The call to prayer (Adhan) was
introduced, symbolizing unity and reminding Muslims of their duties. Zakat (charity) became a
formal obligation to purify wealth and support the needy, promoting social justice. Fasting
during Ramadan was made obligatory, teaching self-discipline and gratitude. Hajjwas also
emphasized as a spiritual journey to strengthen the unity of Muslims.
Through these practices, Islam transformed from a private faith into a complete way of life. The
Prophet (PBUH) ensured that spiritual growth, moral conduct, and social responsibility were all
essential parts of worship, creating a balanced and disciplined community centered on the
worship of Allah alone.
3. Religious Developments in Madinah
The Establishment of Religious Practices
a.
b. The Change of Qiblah