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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 51
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To maintain peace and order among the diverse inhabitants of Madinah — Muslims, Jews, and
some remaining pagans — the Prophet (PBUH) drafted a written charter known as the
Constitution of Madinah. It is considered one of the first written constitutions in history. The
document outlined the rights and duties of all citizens and established the Prophet (PBUH) as the
political and religious leader of the city.
Key features of the Constitution included:
● All citizens, regardless of religion, were part of one community (Ummah) under the
leadership of the Prophet (PBUH).
● Everyone had freedom of religion, and the Jews were allowed to practice their faith
freely.
● All groups were required to defend Madinah collectively against external threats.
● Disputes were to be settled through justice and consultation with the Prophet (PBUH) as
the final authority.
This constitution ensured equality, justice, and religious tolerance, setting the foundation for
governance in an Islamic state. It promoted peaceful coexistence and mutual respect among
different communities, showing that Islam values cooperation and fairness for all.
The Ansar shared their homes, food, and resources with their new brothers, treating them as
family. Some even offered to divide their property equally, but the Muhajirun humbly accepted
only help in starting their livelihoods. This system eliminated class differences and tribal
divisions, building a foundation of unity, equality, and cooperation within the Muslim
community. The Prophet (PBUH) reminded them that faith made them brothers, as the Qur’an
says: “The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers.” (Surah Al-Hujurat
49:10). This brotherhood created a strong and united Ummah based on shared faith rather than
tribe or lineage.
In Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) served as both the spiritual guide and the head of
state. As a religious leader, he taught Muslims the laws revealed in the Qur’an, established
regular congregational prayers, encouraged charity, and promoted moral conduct. The mosque
became the center of worship, education, and social life.
As a political leader, the Prophet (PBUH) united the city under a single system of governance
based on justice, consultation (Shura), and equality. He resolved disputes fairly, protected the
rights of minorities, and maintained peace with neighboring tribes through treaties. The Prophet’s
(PBUH) leadership was marked by humility, wisdom, and service to the people. His model of
c.
b. The Constitution of Madinah (Sahifah)
The Prophet (PBUH) as Religious and Political Leader