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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 70
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1.Why was ʿUthmān called Dhul-Nūrayn?
2.What lessons can Muslims learn from his patience at the end of his life?
He was assassinated in 661 CE by a Kharijite while praying in Kūfa. His legacy is courage,
knowledge, and closeness to the Prophet ﷺ. Muslims admire him as a model of bravery,
scholarship, and piety.
ʿAlī teaches loyalty, sacrifice, and standing firm for truth. His combination of knowledge and
courage is a lesson for Muslim leaders.
As the fourth Caliph (656–661 CE), ʿAlī faced internal strife including the Battle of Jamal and
Ṣiffīn. Despite challenges, he was known for justice, knowledge, and eloquence. His sermons
later inspired Islamic scholarship.
ʿAlī (RA) was born in 600 CE, the cousin and later son-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ. Raised in the
Prophet’s household, he was the first youth to accept Islam. His courage and loyalty marked his
life from the beginning.
He fought in every major battle except Tabūk. At Badr and Uḥud, his sword was crucial to
Muslim defence. At Khaybar, the Prophet ﷺ said: “Tomorrow I will give the banner to a man
who loves Allah and His Messenger, and Allah and His Messenger love him.” (Bukhārī). He
gave it to ʿAlī, who captured the fortress. He married Fāṭimah (RA), and their sons Ḥasan and
Ḥusayn carried forward the Prophet’s lineage.
On the night of the Hijrah, he slept in the Prophet’s bed while Quraysh assassins waited outside,
risking his life for the Prophet ﷺ. This bravery showed his devotion.
4. ʿAlī ibn Abī
Background and Conversion
Ṭālib (RA)
Death and Legacy
Caliphate and Leadership
Lessons for Muslims Today
Role in Makkah and Early Islam
Role in Madinah and Contributions