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Islamiyat IGCSEPDF 164
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Persian Empire:
(1) Hazrat Ali
(2) Hazrat Usman
(3) Zubair ibn awwam
(4) Abdur Rehman bin Auf
(5) Talha
(6) Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas
Hazrat Usman:
Election as Caliph:
On his death bed, Hazrat Umar nominated a committee of six persons (Shura) to hold
consultation and select his successor from among themselves within three days then their
choice was to be confirmed through bay’a by the Muslim population.
strong worded letter, expressing his displeasure on the pace of events. In the meantime
Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor died. The Muslims then intensified the attacks. After the
battle, Alexandria was conquered and Muslims became the masters of Egypt.
Military campaigns (Expansion of Islamic state):
During his twelve year caliphate ‘Uthman, to begin with followed, in the footsteps of the first
two caliphs. He did a lot for the consolidation and establishment of the military on firm
grounds and went on to expand on the territory that was left to him by Umar by conquering
North Africa, Barqa and Marakish completely and adjacent countries of Persia namely
Afghanistan and Khurasan. Armenia and Azerbaijan also came under Muslim control and
with the advancement in naval warfare. He even conquered Cyprus. As soon as the news of
Hazrat Umar’s death spread, spontaneous revolts sprung up, as the conquered nations
within the Muslim Empire saw his death as an opportunity to recover their lost
independence.
All these persons were among the most eminent companions of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H),
whom he had given tidings of paradise in their lifetimes. Despite long meetings the panel
could not arrive at a decision, Abdur Rahman then withdrew his name and it was decided
that he would make the final decision regarding the selection. Of the remaining nominees,
Talha was not present at Madinah: therefore, the choice was now restricted to the remaining
four members. Abdur Rehman bin Auf consulted each one individually to get their opinion.
Sa’ad supported Hazrat Usman. While Zubair mentioned both Hazrat Usman and Hazrat Ali,
Hazrat Usman voted for Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Ali voted for Hazrat Usman. He also asked
from both Usman and Ali that if elected, they would follow the Quran and Sunnah and the
example of the first two caliphs. Hazrat Usman agreed to this whereas Hazrat Ali said that he
would follow the Quran and Sunnah but not the first two caliphs. Abdur Rehman asked the
opinion of other prominent men as well and arrived at the conclusion that the majority of the
people favoured the succession of Hazrat Usman and, thus, he was declared as the elected
Khalifa. Abdur Rehman bin Auf was the first to take the Bayyat or Pledge and he was
followed by Hazrat Ali and other companions and then there was a general Bayyat in
Prophet’s mosque. Hazrat Usman became the third Khalifa of Islam on the 4th Muharram 24
A.H/644AD. He took the title of “Khalifat Allah” i.e vicegerent of Allah.