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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 101
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PDF 101
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Consequences:
ii) Princely States
Several northern and northwestern states — Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, and
Hunza — joined Pakistan willingly in 1947.
Bahawalpur also acceded to Pakistan soon after independence.
In the east, Sylhet (in Assam) voted through a referendum to join East
Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
In the months leading up to Partition, communal riots between Muslims,
Hindus, and Sikhs spread across northern India, especially in Punjab,
Bengal, and Delhi.
When the Radcliffe Boundary Award was announced in August 1947,
millions suddenly found themselves on the “wrong” side of the border,
triggering mass migrations.
By January 1948, around 20 million people had migrated — Muslims
moving into Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs moving into India.
The migration was marked by horrific violence, looting, abductions, and
massacres; about 1 million people were killed, and 10 million were left
homeless.
Karachi, then Pakistan’s capital, received nearly 2 million refugees,
overwhelming its housing, sanitation, and food supplies.
Refugee camps were hastily set up, but conditions were poor due to a lack
of infrastructure and resources.
In Delhi, violence became so uncontrollable that martial law was declared
in September 1947.
Both India and Pakistan, despite their new rivalry, began to cooperate to
reduce communal violence and assist refugees through agreements and
repatriation efforts.
Pakistan faced a massive economic and humanitarian challenge,
struggling to provide housing, food, and employment for millions of refugees.
The refugee crisis left a lasting social impact, as the new migrants — called
Muhajirs in Pakistan — played a major role in shaping the urban and
political landscape of the country, especially in Karachi and Lahore.
When British India was partitioned in 1947, there were about 562 princely states
(some sources say 562–565) ruled by local princes under British suzerainty. After
independence, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy, gave 462 princely states the
right to choose between joining India or Pakistan, based on geographical
location and the religious majority of their populations.
Accessions to Pakistan