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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 55
181 pagesrevision 46928
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5. Expansion of Councils:
● Members of the Central Legislative Council to be increased to 150.
● The term of councils is to be five years.
6.Provincial Councils: Size of provincial legislatures not to be extended.
7.Voting Rights: All Indians have the right to vote (based on qualifications).
8.Community Protection: No bill affecting a community to pass if
three-fourths of that community’s members in the council oppose it.
9.Indian Participation: Half the members of the Imperial Legislative
Council to be Indians.
10.Separation of Powers: Executive and Judiciary to be kept separate.
Marked the first political cooperation between Hindus and Muslims.
Congress recognized the Muslim League as the representative body of
Muslims.
Gave a major boost to the Home Rule movement (1917).
Represented the peak of Hindu-Muslim unity, though it lasted only a few
years.
Laid the groundwork for constitutional reforms and future nationalist
movements.
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Significance and Impact
Q: What were Mont-Ford reforms? [4]
In November1917, John Montague- secretary of state of India and Lord Chelmsford viceroy
of India carried a fact finding tour of India. After the talks with the local leaders they come up
with a constitutional solution of India’s problems. Report suggested a bicameral legislature at
center with upper house as the council of state and lower house as the Legislative
Assembly. The major shift of British political maneuvering was the inclusion of more elected
members so Legislative assembly would have 145 members
with 103 elected members. At provincial level, Diarchy was introduced which
distributed the powers into reserved (British Governors) and transferred (Indian Ministers)
subjects through which British retained the power. The right of the separate electorate which
was previously given only to Muslims was now extended to Sikhs too. The number of voters
was increased to 5.5 million. These reforms were opposed by
both Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League.
Q: What is the System of Diarchy? [4]
Itwas launched by the British for the first time in Montague-Chelmsford reforms or Indian
Council Act 1919 at provincial level. This act divided the powers into two subjects transferred
and reserved subjects. The powers of transferred (unimportant) subjects or portfolios were
given to Indian ministers. They administered the portfolios
of agriculture, local govt., education, health, forests, public works, etc. The reserved
(important) subjects or portfolios were to be administered by British governors. Subjects