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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 54
181 pagesrevision 46928
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Montagu Declaration (1917)
The Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Indian National
Congress and the All India Muslim League to present joint political
demands to the British government for greater Indian participation in
governance.
Basic Details:
○ At Lucknow in December 1916.
○ Leaders: Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak (Congress).
○ Jinnah was called the “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” by
Sarojini Naidu.
The "Montagu Declaration" is the term for the August 20, 1917, statement by
British Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, outlining the British policy of
gradually developing self-governing institutions in India, with the goal of
responsible government. This announcement became the basis for the
Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, which were detailed in the Montagu–Chelmsford
Report of 1918 and enacted through the Government of India Act of 1919.
1.Self-Government: India should have self-government.
2.Muslim Representation: Muslims to have one-third representation in
the Central Legislature.
3.Separate Electorates: Separate electorates for all communities, unless a
community requests joint electorates.
4.Weightage System: Minority communities to be given weightage (extra
representation) in provinces where they were in minority.
The reversal of Bengal’s partition (1911) disillusioned Muslims, who lost
trust in British loyalty.
Muslims realized they must work with Congress to demand self-rule
while safeguarding their rights.
Congress wanted League support to strengthen its demand for Home Rule.
Jinnah, then a liberal, believed Hindus and Muslims could unite to
pressure Britain.
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❖ Main Clauses
Lucknow Pact (1916)
Background and Reasons
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