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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 14
181 pagesrevision 46928
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7. Mansabdari System
3. Arrival of the British
6. Vastness of the Empire
4. Spread of Maratha Power
5. Invasions by Persians and Afghans
Q: Describe Aurangzeb’s religious policies? [4]
•He wasa staunchSunniandanorthodoxMuslimwho faced hostilities within and outside
his religion.
•He re-imposed Jizya.
Questions
Q: Describe the Mughal rule? OR Q: Describe the Mughals? [4]
• It wasfounded by Babur in 1526 at the 1st battle of Panipat. Though his reign remained
very short for 4 years and he died in 1530 by the poison of his own men.
• Mughals fought with each other for throne yet they excelled in literature i.e., Tuzuk-e
Babari, architecture i.e., Taj Mahal, music i.e., Tan sen, etc.
• After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, weak ancestors had taken the control who were
corrupt, inefficient, and luxury oriented.
• The process of Mughal decline was ended in 1757, when Marathas captured Delhi but the
final blow was blown in the mutiny of independence in 1857 where Bahadur Shah Zafar (The
last Mughal emperor) was defeated and sent to exile in Rangoon (Now Burma/Myanmar).
Guerrilla tactics; central India influence.
1737: 1st Battle of Delhi; 1757: 2nd Battle of Delhi.
1761: Defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Ambitious, organized, disciplined army.
Superior weapons and naval power.
Controlled coastal presidencies; took over Delhi in 1803.
Extended from Afghanistan to Assam; Kashmir to Deccan.
Difficult for one emperor to administer; Mansabdars became powerful.
Far-off provinces declared independence.
Introduced by Akbar; civil + military duties combined.
Multiple responsibilities: maintain troops, revenue collection, judicial duties.
Soldiers loyal to Mansabdar rather than emperor → weakened central authority.
Nadir Shah (1738-39) plundered wealth; took Koh-i-Noor.
Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India multiple times (1747-1769); controlled Punjab, Kashmir,
Multan temporarily.