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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 57
181 pagesrevision 46928
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Answer:
Britain was economically weakened after the 1st world war. All colonial nations were
demanding independence from their colonizers i.e., Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia from
France.
British thought that its political position in the world would be weakened if it would submit to
India’s demand of
independence.
It was important for the British navy as well. Britain had already established strategic ports to
control the trade in the region. Thousands of British i.e., Businessmen, Missionaries, and
civil servants lived in India and had now formed a separate Anglo-Indian community which
could not be left behind. Indians were meted out with harsh treatment i.e. Jallianwala Bagh
incident, Rowlatt Act, etc. That’s why Britain did not give in to India’s demand for
independence.
Q: Why was India not granted self-rule in 1919? [7]
Points:
-> Britaineconomically weekend.
-> All colonial nations were demanding
independence.
-> Important for British navy.
-> Control of strategic ports to control the trade in India.
-> Indians meted out with harsh treatment.
Q: The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were the most important one than any other
political development between 1909 and 1919? Do you agree or disagree? Explain
your
answer. [14]
InNovember 1917, John Montague,secretaryof state of India andLordChelmsford, viceroy
carried a fact finding tour of India. After the talks with the local leaders they come up with a
constitutional solution of India’s problems. Report suggested the
following;
i. Bicameral legislature (system of two houses) was proposed by the central legislature i.e.,
council of state (Upper House) and Legislative Assembly (Lower House).
ii. Number of members in assemblies were increased i.e. council of state would have 60
members with 33 elected members; Legislative assembly would have 145 members with
103 elected members.
iii. Number of voters was increased to 5.5. million.
iv. Three Indian ministers were included in Viceroy’s Executive Council.
v. Separate electorate was granted to Musliums and Sikhs.
vi. It was decided that after ten years the constitutional reforms were to be reviewed again.
vii. System of diarchy was introduced by Govt. of India Act 1919.
The transferred (unimportant) subjects or portfolios i.e. agriculture, local govt.,
education, health, forests, public works, etc were given to Indian ministers. The