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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 15
181 pagesrevision 46928
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•Introduced in 1679 by Aurangzeb.
•It was a tax on non-Muslims for their protection and security.
•It was an alternative to join the Muslim army.
•Akbar abolished it previously.
•Hindus protested against the tax.
•Aurangzeb ignored the protests and did not abolish it.
•He banned Satti.
•He tried to fix the length of the beard Muslims had to keep.
•He also burnt Hindu temples and converted Sikh Gurdwara near Badshahi mosque into
stables.
•According to many historians, he had no religious tolerance.
•Aurangzeb did not let his father Shāh Jahān (real name is Shihāb al-dīn Muḥammad
Khurram) continue to reign. His father fell ill, and it was thought that he will not survive.
When Shāh Jahān recovered, he was imprisoned in Agra fort where though he was not
mistreated and was being looked after by his daughter Jahān Āra until his death in 1666, he
was not called upon to govern.
• Shāh Jahān declared Dārā as his successor in 1657 but with Aurangzeb’s military genius
Dārā was defeated. Dārā fled to Punjab where he was not given entry then he fled to
Afghanistan where one of his old friends betrayed him. He was later captured and killed by
•They (Marathas) lived in the southern state of Deccan.
•They were devoted Hindus and were popular for their guerrilla fighting.
•Under Shivaji, the ruthless Marathas’ influence spread and with both decline of Mughal
emperor and rise of Marathas, their control extended over central India.
•Aurangzeb spent 25 years fighting with Marathas in the state of Deccan but failed. This
attempt bankrupted the Mughal Empire and historians say that Aurangzeb did not even had
the cart to go at Eid gah to offer prayers.
•Bajirao (a famous Maratha general) attacked Delhi in 1737 at the 1st battle of Delhi and
then captured it in 1757 in 2nd battle of Delhi by defeating Najib-ud-Dawlah.
•Ahmad Shah Abdali was invited by Shah Wali Ullah to fight with Marathas becauseMughal
had no powers at that time.
•Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Marathas in 1761 in the third battle of Panipat.
•He was also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali.
•He was an Afghan leader, a military genius who had excellent tactical skills.
•He was enlisted as a young soldier in the Afghan military and rose quickly to the position of
commander.
•He proclaimed Kingship after the death of Nadir Shah Afshar in 1747.
•Shah Wali Ullah invited him to come to India to protect the Mughals from Marathas.
•The victory brought Punjab, Kashmir and Multan under Afghan control.
•He could not consolidate the victory in India and went back to Kabul.
Q: Describe the Jizya tax. [4]
Q: Describe what Marathas did? [4]
Q: Who was Ahmad Shah Durrani? [4]
Q: How did Aurangzeb come to power in 1658 A.D.? [7]