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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 157
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Q: Describe election of 1977? [4]
•Elections were held on 7 march,1977.
•PPP were convinced that they will elections easily because of ineffective opposition.
•However, soon after calling elections, a nine-party alliance was formed called as PNA:
Pakistan National Alliance.
•PNA attracted huge crowds in election campaign and govt. limited these gatherings to five
people only to stop demonstrations in support of PNA.
•Result showed a landslide victory for the PPP. Out of 200 national seats, it won 154 seats
and PNA won only 38.
•PNA accused the govt. of rigging the elections by using govt. machinery, not allowing
PNA’s candidates to freely campaign for themselves.
•The white paper issued by Zia’s regime for the elections of 1977 showed that elections
were completely rigged.
Q: Why were Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s educational reforms failed? [7]
Points: i-Nationalized schools lowered
7-Marks Questions
Q: Describe Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s industrial reforms? OR [4]
Q: What was nationalization policy of Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto? OR [4]
Q: Why did Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s industrial reforms unsuccessful? [7]
Points:
because;
i- Demotivated private sector.
ii- Foreign investor was reluctant to
invest.
iii- Foreign reserved declined.
iv- No middle / management staff.
v- Civil servants were technically
not equipped to run operations.
vi- worldwide economic recession.
->SOEsunder NERO failed
Answer: Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto nationalized major industries to make them SOEs (State
Owned Enterprises) i.e., Sugar, Oil, Fertilizers, etc.
under NERO (Nationalization and Economic Reform Order (1972)). Objectives of
nationalization include generation of funds for development, betterment of living standards of
the labor class, establishment of labor unions, reduction in Ayūb Khān’s disparity among the
provinces, accountability of Industrial revenues, and political popularity of PPP among
masses.
It resulted in demotivation and reluctance of investors to invest in Pakistan. Foreign reserves
declined because confidence of private sector was shattered. The reasons of its
failure were the lack of middle management staff to support the industrialists / investors and
nationalized units were headed by civil servants who had no technical expertise in running
the business. Inefficient people were running the nationalized cause. Lastly,
worldwide economic recession took its toll and due to nationalization, Pakistan suffered a lot.