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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 151
181 pagesrevision 46928
PDF 151
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Indian troops in the East reached Dhaka but the bloodshed was avoided because of the
unconditional surrender of Pak forces in the hands of Indian forces. 93,000 Pakistani troops
were captured by India. Pakistan lost half of its Navy, a 3rd of its Army, and quarter of its air
force in this war. 16th December 1971 is still considered as a dark day in Pakistan’s history.
1- Military strength of Indian Army.
2- Miscalculation of Ayūb Khān in
operation Gibraltar.
3- SEATO and CENTO did not help
Pakistan.
4- India was aided by Soviets in 1971.
5- Mukti Bahini was trained by Indians.
6- Bengalis did not support west Pakistan b/c latter was accused of killing
Bengali intelligentsia.
7- The 1600 kms distance b/w both wings.
Answer: Pakistan was unsuccessful in both wars, Firstly, because of military strength of
Indian army. Secondly, in 1965, Ayūb Khān miscalculated the
Indian preparations for the war and thought that it would be an easy victory for Pakistan. In
operation Gibraltar, Pakistani army infiltrated Kashmir without taking local Kashmiris in
confidence. Thus, local Kashmiris did not support Pakistan in this operation.
Pakistan could not receive the western aid in both the wars. US military aid was stopped for
both Pakistan and India whereas Soviet aid continued for India. SEATO and CENTO did not
help Pakistan in these wars. USA and China wanted Pakistan to resolve the matter on their
own.
Number of troops and weapons increased rapidly in the war of 1971. It motivated and helped
Mukti Bahini against Pakistan to win their freedom from West Pakistan. Bengalis did not
support Pakistan because the latter was already accused of killing Bengali intelligentsia. The
communicational impediment i.e., 1600 kms distance
between the two wings also played an important role in Pakistan’s defeat because it could
not send re-enforcements in time.
Economic Factors between East and West Pakistan grew after the inception of Pakistan.
The continuous calamities of floods did not let the industrial base grow in East Pakistan.
Ayub’s economic reforms widened the gap, 22 families of W.P controlled 66% of the
industrial base of the whole Pakistan. 80% of the banking and insurance companies were
controlled by these families. East Pakistan produced world’s 75% of the jute but the earnings
from this crop was spent on West Pakistan rather than East Pakistan.
Q: Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in 1965 and 1971 wars? OR [7]
Q: Why was Indiasuccessfulin1965 and1971 wars against Pakistan?[7]
Long Questions
Q: Economic disparity was the most important factor in separation of East Pakistan.
Do you agree? Explain. OR [14]
Q: Economic factors contributed the most towards the separation of East Pakistan in
1971.Doyou agree or disagree? Give reasonstoyour answer.[14]