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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 41
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Quranic teachings. He translated Qur´ān into Persian- a contemporary court
language so that most people may know and act upon the teachings of Qur´ān. He
wrote fifty
one books in Arabic and Persian to explain the true teachings of Islam.
Among the most famous are Izālat al-Khafā and Ḥujjatullāh al-Bālighā. Izālat
al-Khafā was an account on first four caliphs, written in a way that was acceptable to
both Shias and Sunnis. Ḥujjatullāh al-Bālighā determined the problems of the
Muslim community. It explains as to how Islam is suitable to all races, cultures, and
people of the world.
Not only Shāh Walī Ullāh but Sayyid Aḥmad Shahīd Barelvī was also an important
figure who revived Islam in Indian subcontinent. He believed to end the difficulties for
Muslims and for that he identified that Sikh rule was one of the major difficulties for
Muslims. During the early 19th century, Punjab was under Sikh rule and it was
difficult for the Muslims to practice their religion. Sikhs converted the mosques to
stables, Azan and prayers were banned. Sayyid Aḥmad Shahīd Barelvī was a man of
actions and wanted to liberate the Muslims of Punjab from Sikhs’ oppression. He went
to Hajj in 1821 and returned back to Delhi in 1823 with a clear view on Jihād. He
thought that Muslims cannot regain glory if un-islamic forces would not be beaten
that’s why he launched an armed Jihad movement against Sikh rule.
Ḥājī Shari‘at Ullāh was also an important figure who wanted to spread Islam through
Farāizī movement (1781-1840). The movement was started in Bengal and it insisted
the Muslims to perform their religious obligations (Farāiz). At that time Muslims of
Bengal were peasants and were working together with local Hindu landlords
(Zamindār). He wanted that the Muslims should not indulge themselves into
superstitions based on Hindu traditions. He emphasized on praying for past sins and
promising to live a righteous life ahead in the future. He declared the area as Dār
ul
Ḥurb and in such areas Friday and Eid prayers should not be offered. He
organized the Muslim cultivators, made them aware of their rights and united them
against harsh treatment meted out by Hindu Landlords. Ḥājī Shari‘at Ullāh died in
Dhaka in 1840, his reform movement was continued by his son Moḥsin ud-dīn (Dādū
Miān), he
Muslim society was divided into many factions i.e. Shi‘ah, Sunnī which was one of
the reasons of the decline of the Muslims. He tried to bring both the factions together
and also advised Sufis and Ulemas to sort their differences. He also sent out his
students to different places to spread the message of harmony and unity. He advised
the Muslims not to waste extravagant amount of money on marriages, births, deaths,
and other ceremonies. To counter the Marathan power Shāh Walī Ullāh called upon
Aḥmad Shāh Abdālī from Afghanistan, the later defeated the former in the third
battle of Panipat
(1761).