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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 69
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Khilafat Movement (1918-1924)
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The Treaty of Sèvres
Was signed on 10 August 1920 between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman
Empire after World War I. It was extremely harsh — it dismembered the
Ottoman Empire, placing many of its territories like Syria, Palestine, Iraq,
The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) held the Caliphate — the spiritual
leadership of Muslims worldwide.
During World War I (1914–1918), Turkey sided with Germany and
Austria-Hungary.
The Allied Powers (Britain, France, Greece, etc.) won the war and
decided to divide Ottoman territories among themselves.
The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) imposed harsh terms on Turkey — loss of
territories and control over holy places (Makkah, Madinah, Jerusalem).
Indian Muslims were deeply hurt, as they revered the Caliph (Khalifa) and
saw the move as an attack on Islam.
Britain had earlier promised to safeguard holy places and territorial
integrity of Turkey, but failed to do so — causing Muslim anger.
This led to the Khilafat Movement, aiming to protect the Caliph and the
Ottoman Empire.
How successful was the Khilafat Movement in advancing the cause
of the Pakistan Movement?
Background & Causes
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