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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 173
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Relations with India
Relations with China
Relations with the United States
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Nawaz Sharif initially aimed to improve relations through dialogue.
UnderMusharraf:
○ Agra Summit (2001) held to restart talks — ended without
agreement.
○ Both countries agreed to maintain dialogue channels to avoid
escalation.
Under Nawaz Sharif:
○ Relations strained after 1998 nuclear tests → U.S. imposed
economic and military sanctions (Glenn Amendment).
○ Sanctions hurt Pakistan’s economy and foreign reserves.
○ Nawaz sought U.S. relief and diplomacy; Bill Clinton mediated
during the Kargil crisis.
○ U.S.-pressured withdrawal saved escalation but weakened Nawaz
politically.
Lahore Declaration (Feb 1999):
Both nations agreed to respect each other’s territorial integrity.
Promoted nuclear restraint and peace.
Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Lahore — a historic step.
KargilConflict (May–July 1999):
○ Ended peace process; India blamed Pakistan for supporting
infiltrations.
○ Pakistan withdrew under U.S. pressure, weakening Nawaz Sharif’s
standing.
UnderMusharraf:
○ Post–9/11 (2001), Pakistan joined the U.S. War on Terror.
○ Sanctions lifted; Pakistan received aid, debt relief, and military
support.
○ Relations became strategic but controversial due to U.S. military
presence in the region.
Relations stayed strong and consistent throughout Nawaz and Musharraf’s
governments.