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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 174
181 pagesrevision 46928
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China supported Pakistan’s defense and nuclear programs despite
Western pressure.
Keyjoint projects:
Gwadar Port (early planning under Musharraf).
Expansion of defense cooperation and modern equipment supply.
Chinaremained Pakistan’s most reliable ally, counterbalancing India’s
regionalinfluence.
Relations with Muslim & Gulf Countries
Close ties with Saudi Arabia, UAE, and other Gulf states maintained.
After 1998 nuclear tests, Saudi Arabia provided oil on deferred
payments, aiding Pakistan’s economy.
Nawaz Sharif’s personal ties with Saudi royals secured his exile and safety
(1999 coup).
Under Musharraf:
○ Strengthened defense and labor cooperation with Gulf states.
○ Sent thousands of Pakistani workers to the Middle East.
○ Actively participated in OIC, supporting Kashmir and Palestine
causes.
Relations with Russia
Nawaz Sharif’s visit to Moscow (1999):
Aimed to diversify foreign policy beyond the U.S. and China.
Discussed trade, energy, and regional security cooperation.
Symbolized renewed dialogue after years of limited contact.
UnderMusharraf:
○ Relations gradually improved with cooperation on anti-terrorism
and regional stability.
Relations with Afghanistan
Under Nawaz Sharif:
○ Pakistan recognized the Taliban regime (1997) along with Saudi
Arabia & UAE.
○ Goal: secure the western border and ensure a friendly Kabul
government.
UnderMusharraf:
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